403, 429 및 CAPTCHA: 회피하지 말고 대응하세요

import time
import urllib.robotparser
from urllib.parse import urlsplit

import requests

PROXY = "http://USERNAME-country-us:[email protected]:7777"
USER_AGENT = "ExampleCrawler/1.0 (+https://example.com/crawler-info)"


class PoliteFetcher:
    """One request at a time per host; robots.txt, Crawl-delay and Retry-After honoured."""

    def __init__(self, min_interval=1.0, max_refusals=3):
        self.min_interval, self.max_refusals = min_interval, max_refusals
        self.http = requests.Session()
        self.http.proxies = {"http": PROXY, "https": PROXY}
        self.http.headers["User-Agent"] = USER_AGENT
        self.robots, self.next_time, self.refusals = {}, {}, {}

    def _robots(self, root):
        if root not in self.robots:
            rp = urllib.robotparser.RobotFileParser(root + "/robots.txt")
            try:
                r = self.http.get(root + "/robots.txt", timeout=(10, 30))
                if r.status_code >= 500:
                    rp.parse(["User-agent: *", "Disallow: /"])  # unreachable: assume disallow
                else:
                    rp.parse(r.text.splitlines() if r.status_code == 200 else [])  # 4xx: allowed
            except requests.RequestException:
                rp.parse(["User-agent: *", "Disallow: /"])
            self.robots[root] = rp
        return self.robots[root]

    def get(self, url):
        scheme, host = urlsplit(url)[:2]
        if self.refusals.get(host, 0) >= self.max_refusals:
            return None  # this host said no: stop asking
        rp = self._robots("%s://%s" % (scheme, host))
        if not rp.can_fetch(USER_AGENT, url):
            return None
        delay = max(self.min_interval, rp.crawl_delay(USER_AGENT) or 0)
        wait = self.next_time.get(host, 0) - time.monotonic()
        if wait > 0:
            time.sleep(wait)
        r = self.http.get(url, timeout=(10, 30))
        pause = delay
        if r.status_code in (429, 503):
            retry_after = r.headers.get("Retry-After", "")
            pause = max(delay, int(retry_after) if retry_after.isdigit() else 60)
        refused = r.status_code in (403, 429) or "captcha" in r.text[:5000].lower()
        self.refusals[host] = self.refusals.get(host, 0) + 1 if refused else 0
        self.next_time[host] = time.monotonic() + pause
        return r


fetcher = PoliteFetcher()
resp = fetcher.get("https://example.com/")
print(resp.status_code if resp is not None else "skipped")